COMMAND
BIND
SYSTEMS AFFECTED
munices
PROBLEM
Sebastian from Teso posted following (TESO Security Advisory).
Nameservers which accept and forward external DNS queries may be
abused as traffic amplifiers, exposing a possible threat to
network integrity by bandwidth saturation (DNS Smurf). A "deaf"
pseudo nameserver may be used to discover the query chain a DNS
query takes through various nameservers, allowing to make a
traceroute like route discovery (DNS Traceroute).
Systems affected are all type of nameservers which accept external
queries. Especially those, which forward the queries to other
nameservers or those which have excessive retry attempt values.
The common value is to try three times, but we have observed
misconfigured servers which tried more then 20 times sending out
a query packet. Note that this attack is completely different
from the DNS Smurf attack discovered by s0ftpr0ject, however,
it exploits weaknesses in default BIND configurations too.
The following data is an except from initial tests 'teso' have
conducted against some vulnerable nameserver.
08:07:24.943598 ns2.domain > victim.domain: 15121 (35)
08:07:32.747253 ns3.domain > victim.domain: 8536 (35)
08:07:32.832604 ns2.domain > victim.domain: 15121 (35)
08:07:39.819289 ns3.domain > victim.domain: 8536 (35)
08:07:40.670228 ns1.1025 > victim.domain: 56483 (35)
08:07:44.405556 ns4.domain > victim.domain: 5306 (35) (DF)
08:07:48.928981 ns2.domain > victim.domain: 15121 (35)
08:07:52.669825 ns1.1025 > victim.domain: 56483 (35)
08:07:56.107063 ns3.domain > victim.domain: 8536 (35)
08:07:56.471586 ns4.domain > victim.domain: 5306 (35) (DF)
08:08:04.938187 ns6.domain > victim.domain: 26706 (35)
08:08:12.372097 ns5.2187 > victim.domain: 2352 (35)
08:08:13.826464 ns6.domain > victim.domain: 26706 (35)
08:08:16.669021 ns1.1025 > victim.domain: 56483 (35)
08:08:20.603050 ns4.domain > victim.domain: 5306 (35) (DF)
08:08:24.365990 ns5.2187 > victim.domain: 2352 (35)
08:08:30.873233 ns6.domain > victim.domain: 26706 (35)
08:08:32.658479 ns1.domain > querier.1025: 298 ServFail 0/0/0 (35)
08:08:48.369725 ns5.2187 > victim.domain: 2352 (35)
The initial DNS query packet had a size of 35 bytes, although
packets up to a size of 500 bytes are possible. As you can see
there are five nameservers who indirectly got the query, which
was send by "querier" (query packet not displayed). The first
name- server that got queried was "ns1". The query is forwarded
to five other nameservers, so all together there are six
nameservers which try to resolve the query domain. If the query
domain is a normal existent domain name, the authoritative
nameserver will answer promptly and the answer is returned to the
original query host.
This is the normal case. However, if there is an authoritative
nameserver which does not respond to the queries send to it, all
nameservers will retry to resolve the domain by sending out the
query packet, assuming the UDP packet they have previously sent
got lost. Because all six nameservers do this, this results in a
traffic amplify with factor 18 (18 packets send for each attacker
packet). Through testing a few hundred nameservers on this
vulnerability 'teso' quickly found nameservers which will amplify
with ratios well beyond 30, sometimes even exceeding 50.
By abusing multiple nameserver-chains as traffic amplifiers an
attacker can easily saturate any network link. The traffic to
the victim IP is caused by the query packets which are sent by
each nameserver in the nameserver-chain to the fake authoritative
nameserver in the victim network. For the last few years denial
of service (DoS) attacks that are based on bandwidth saturation
have always been a problem. A few years ago, when the Smurf ICMP
denial of service attack got publicly known nearly everyone was
able to saturate any link by abusing other networks as a traffic
amplifier. Any method that allows an attacker to amplify his
traffic can be abused for a denial of service attack.
When a nameserver receives a query, most nameservers usually just
start forwarding the query to some other nameserver. There can
be quite a long path of forwarding queries. However if the query
is not resolvable because there is no nameserver listening on the
remote host, every forwarding nameserver will start to resolve it
on their own, by querying the authoritative nameserver themselves.
In the default configuration each nameserver will send the query
three times, after 0, 12 and 24 seconds, ymmv.
This can be used to discover the path of nameservers. To do this
an attacker would query the first nameserver for a domain he can
see the packets on, at best the domain points to the query host
itself. Then he would record all nameservers that send out a
packet to himself. After having done this he would try with
another nameserver of the ones he got queries from. In the best
case he will receive queries from all hosts but one missing. The
missing one is the first host in the route. After having reduced
the list by one he will start over with the reduced list until
there is only one nameserver remaining, which is the last in the
querying chain.
Through seeking especially long paths, where a lot of nameservers
are queried, this can be abused as a traffic amplify bandwidth
attack, as shown above. Since the important entries such as the
NS entry is in the cache of each nameserver after the first
query, the attack is very fast pacing after the first query,
since no additional packets are sent to the attacker and the
attacker may spoof the UDP query packets. If the attacker is
clever he would use a very short lifetime for his NS entry, while
using a long lifetime for the victim subdomain. After the first
query succeeded he will just shut his nameserver down and send
out spoofed query packets at a very fast rate.
'teso' created a working demonstration program to exploit the
vulnerability. The program needs Libnet, a low level network
library installed. The exploit is available from
http://teso.scene.at/
Exploit (mime version):
---
Content-Type: application/octet-stream; name="namesnake-0.0.2.tar.gz"
Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64
Content-Disposition: inline; filename="namesnake-0.0.2.tar.gz"
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9vP/ACqUSuUAaAEA
-----
SOLUTION
"Defense is the best Offense" - said by a wise person. By
protecting your own nameservers against being abused by attackers
you secure other sites at the same time. If you run BIND
nameservers in your network please care to read basic BIND
configuration tutorials and especially documents on how to secure
your BIND configuration. Also notice that you may fall victim to
the same attack, if only one nameserver in your network is
vulnerable -- That means if only one server is accepting queries
for external domains from strangers, this nameserver inside your
network will send out trusted queries to other nameservers in your
network, and hence can be abused too.
By taking more generic measures against being the originator
network of denial of service attacks, such as improving your
overall network security, you contribute to the security of all
other networks in the Internet too.