COMMAND

    BIND

SYSTEMS AFFECTED

    munices

PROBLEM

    Sebastian  from  Teso  posted  following (TESO Security Advisory).
    Nameservers which accept and  forward external DNS queries  may be
    abused  as  traffic  amplifiers,  exposing  a  possible  threat to
    network integrity by bandwidth  saturation (DNS Smurf).   A "deaf"
    pseudo nameserver may  be used to  discover the query  chain a DNS
    query  takes  through  various  nameservers,  allowing  to  make a
    traceroute like route discovery (DNS Traceroute).

    Systems affected are all type of nameservers which accept external
    queries.   Especially those,  which forward  the queries  to other
    nameservers or  those which  have excessive  retry attempt values.
    The  common  value  is  to  try  three times, but we have observed
    misconfigured servers which tried  more then 20 times  sending out
    a query  packet.   Note that  this attack  is completely different
    from  the  DNS  Smurf  attack  discovered by s0ftpr0ject, however,
    it exploits weaknesses in default BIND configurations too.

    The following  data is  an except  from initial  tests 'teso' have
    conducted against some vulnerable nameserver.

        08:07:24.943598 ns2.domain > victim.domain: 15121 (35)
        08:07:32.747253 ns3.domain > victim.domain: 8536 (35)
        08:07:32.832604 ns2.domain > victim.domain: 15121 (35)
        08:07:39.819289 ns3.domain > victim.domain: 8536 (35)
        08:07:40.670228 ns1.1025 > victim.domain: 56483 (35)
        08:07:44.405556 ns4.domain > victim.domain: 5306 (35) (DF)
        08:07:48.928981 ns2.domain > victim.domain: 15121 (35)
        08:07:52.669825 ns1.1025 > victim.domain: 56483 (35)
        08:07:56.107063 ns3.domain > victim.domain: 8536 (35)
        08:07:56.471586 ns4.domain > victim.domain: 5306 (35) (DF)
        08:08:04.938187 ns6.domain > victim.domain: 26706 (35)
        08:08:12.372097 ns5.2187 > victim.domain: 2352 (35)
        08:08:13.826464 ns6.domain > victim.domain: 26706 (35)
        08:08:16.669021 ns1.1025 > victim.domain: 56483 (35)
        08:08:20.603050 ns4.domain > victim.domain: 5306 (35) (DF)
        08:08:24.365990 ns5.2187 > victim.domain: 2352 (35)
        08:08:30.873233 ns6.domain > victim.domain: 26706 (35)
        08:08:32.658479 ns1.domain > querier.1025: 298 ServFail 0/0/0 (35)
        08:08:48.369725 ns5.2187 > victim.domain: 2352 (35)

    The initial  DNS query  packet had  a size  of 35  bytes, although
    packets up to a  size of 500 bytes  are possible.  As  you can see
    there are  five nameservers  who indirectly  got the  query, which
    was  send  by  "querier"  (query  packet not displayed). The first
    name- server that got queried  was "ns1".  The query  is forwarded
    to  five  other  nameservers,  so  all  together  there  are   six
    nameservers which try  to resolve the  query domain. If  the query
    domain  is  a  normal  existent  domain  name,  the  authoritative
    nameserver will answer promptly and the answer is returned to  the
    original query host.

    This is the  normal case.   However, if there  is an authoritative
    nameserver which does not respond  to the queries send to  it, all
    nameservers will retry  to resolve the  domain by sending  out the
    query packet, assuming  the UDP packet  they have previously  sent
    got lost.  Because all six nameservers do this, this results in  a
    traffic amplify with factor 18 (18 packets send for each  attacker
    packet).   Through  testing  a  few  hundred  nameservers  on this
    vulnerability 'teso' quickly found nameservers which will  amplify
    with ratios well beyond 30, sometimes even exceeding 50.

    By  abusing  multiple  nameserver-chains  as traffic amplifiers an
    attacker can  easily saturate  any network  link.   The traffic to
    the victim IP  is caused by  the query packets  which are sent  by
    each nameserver in the nameserver-chain to the fake  authoritative
    nameserver in the victim network.   For the last few years  denial
    of service (DoS)  attacks that are  based on bandwidth  saturation
    have always been a problem.  A few years ago, when the Smurf  ICMP
    denial of service  attack got publicly  known nearly everyone  was
    able to saturate any link  by abusing other networks as  a traffic
    amplifier.   Any method  that allows  an attacker  to amplify  his
    traffic can be abused for a denial of service attack.

    When a nameserver receives a query, most nameservers usually just
    start forwarding the  query to some  other nameserver.   There can
    be quite a long path of forwarding queries.  However if the  query
    is not resolvable because there is no nameserver listening on  the
    remote host, every forwarding nameserver will start to resolve  it
    on their own, by querying the authoritative nameserver themselves.
    In the default configuration  each nameserver will send  the query
    three times, after 0, 12 and 24 seconds, ymmv.

    This can be used to discover the path of nameservers.  To do  this
    an attacker would query the  first nameserver for a domain  he can
    see the packets on,  at best the domain  points to the query  host
    itself.   Then he  would record  all nameservers  that send  out a
    packet  to  himself.   After  having  done  this he would try with
    another nameserver of  the ones he  got queries from.  In the best
    case he will receive queries from all hosts but one missing.   The
    missing one is the first host in the route.  After having  reduced
    the list by  one he will  start over with  the reduced list  until
    there is only one nameserver  remaining, which is the last  in the
    querying chain.

    Through seeking especially long paths, where a lot of  nameservers
    are queried,  this can  be abused  as a  traffic amplify bandwidth
    attack, as shown above.   Since the important entries such  as the
    NS  entry  is  in  the  cache  of  each nameserver after the first
    query,  the  attack  is  very  fast  pacing after the first query,
    since  no  additional  packets  are  sent  to the attacker and the
    attacker may  spoof the  UDP query  packets.   If the  attacker is
    clever he would use a very short lifetime for his NS entry,  while
    using a long lifetime for  the victim subdomain.  After  the first
    query succeeded  he will  just shut  his nameserver  down and send
    out spoofed query packets at a very fast rate.

    'teso'  created  a  working  demonstration  program to exploit the
    vulnerability.   The  program  needs  Libnet,  a low level network
    library installed.  The exploit is available from

        http://teso.scene.at/

    Exploit (mime version):

    ---
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    -----

SOLUTION

    "Defense  is  the  best  Offense"  -  said  by  a  wise person. By
    protecting your own nameservers against being abused by  attackers
    you  secure  other  sites  at  the  same  time.   If  you run BIND
    nameservers  in  your  network  please  care  to  read  basic BIND
    configuration tutorials and especially documents on how to  secure
    your BIND configuration.  Also notice that you may fall victim  to
    the  same  attack,  if  only  one  nameserver  in  your network is
    vulnerable -- That means if  only one server is accepting  queries
    for external domains from  strangers, this nameserver inside  your
    network will send out trusted queries to other nameservers in your
    network, and hence can be abused too.

    By  taking  more  generic  measures  against  being the originator
    network  of  denial  of  service  attacks,  such as improving your
    overall network security,  you contribute to  the security of  all
    other networks in the Internet too.